Location intelligence companies such as GroundTruth, PlaceIQ, Placed, UberMedia, Foursquare, NinthDecimal, Factual, Verve, Thinknear, Blis, Cuebiq and others have been providing audience targeting and offline attribution to big agencies and brands for several years. (This is the kind of material we discuss at The Place Conference [September 12-13 in NYC].) Facebook and Google also offer offline metrics for larger advertisers. These…